Dalamud/Dalamud/Memory/MemoryHelper.cs

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;

using Dalamud.Game.Text.SeStringHandling;
using Dalamud.Memory.Exceptions;
using FFXIVClientStructs.FFXIV.Client.System.String;

using static Dalamud.NativeFunctions;

// Heavily inspired from Reloaded (https://github.com/Reloaded-Project/Reloaded.Memory)

namespace Dalamud.Memory
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A simple class that provides read/write access to arbitrary memory.
    /// </summary>
    public static unsafe class MemoryHelper
    {
        private static SeStringManager seStringManager;
        private static IntPtr handle;

        #region Read

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in struct.</returns>
        public static T Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress) where T : unmanaged
            => Read<T>(memoryAddress, false);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set this to true to enable struct marshalling.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in struct.</returns>
        public static T Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, bool marshal)
        {
            return marshal
                ? Marshal.PtrToStructure<T>(memoryAddress)
                : Unsafe.Read<T>((void*)memoryAddress);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a byte array from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The amount of bytes to read starting from the memoryAddress.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in byte array.</returns>
        public static byte[] ReadRaw(IntPtr memoryAddress, int length)
        {
            var value = new byte[length];
            Marshal.Copy(memoryAddress, value, 0, value.Length);
            return value;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type array from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="arrayLength">The amount of array items to read.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in struct array.</returns>
        public static T[] Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, int arrayLength) where T : unmanaged
            => Read<T>(memoryAddress, arrayLength, false);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type array from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="arrayLength">The amount of array items to read.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set this to true to enable struct marshalling.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in struct array.</returns>
        public static T[] Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, int arrayLength, bool marshal)
        {
            var structSize = SizeOf<T>(marshal);
            var value = new T[arrayLength];

            for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++)
            {
                var address = memoryAddress + (structSize * i);
                Read(address, out T result, marshal);
                value[i] = result;
            }

            return value;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a null-terminated byte array from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in byte array.</returns>
        public static unsafe byte[] ReadRawNullTerminated(IntPtr memoryAddress)
        {
            var byteCount = 0;
            while (*(byte*)(memoryAddress + byteCount) != 0x00)
            {
                byteCount++;
            }

            return ReadRaw(memoryAddress, byteCount);
        }

        #endregion

        #region Read(out)

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Local variable to receive the read in struct.</param>
        public static void Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, out T value) where T : unmanaged
            => value = Read<T>(memoryAddress);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Local variable to receive the read in struct.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set this to true to enable struct marshalling.</param>
        public static void Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, out T value, bool marshal)
            => value = Read<T>(memoryAddress, marshal);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads raw data from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The amount of bytes to read starting from the memoryAddress.</param>
        /// <param name="value">Local variable to receive the read in bytes.</param>
        public static void ReadRaw(IntPtr memoryAddress, int length, out byte[] value)
            => value = ReadRaw(memoryAddress, length);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type array from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="arrayLength">The amount of array items to read.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in struct array.</param>
        public static void Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, int arrayLength, out T[] value) where T : unmanaged
            => value = Read<T>(memoryAddress, arrayLength);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads a generic type array from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="arrayLength">The amount of array items to read.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set this to true to enable struct marshalling.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in struct array.</param>
        public static void Read<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, int arrayLength, bool marshal, out T[] value)
            => value = Read<T>(memoryAddress, arrayLength, marshal);

        #endregion

        #region ReadString

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a UTF-8 encoded string from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static string ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress)
            => ReadString(memoryAddress, 256);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a UTF-8 encoded string from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum length of the string.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static string ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, int maxLength)
            => ReadString(memoryAddress, Encoding.UTF8, maxLength);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a string with the given encoding from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use to decode the string.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static string ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, Encoding encoding)
            => ReadString(memoryAddress, encoding, 256);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a string with the given encoding from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use to decode the string.</param>
        /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum length of the string.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static string ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, Encoding encoding, int maxLength)
        {
            if (maxLength <= 0)
                return string.Empty;

            ReadRaw(memoryAddress, maxLength, out var buffer);

            var data = encoding.GetString(buffer);
            var eosPos = data.IndexOf('\0');
            return eosPos >= 0 ? data.Substring(0, eosPos) : data;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a null-terminated SeString from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static SeString ReadSeStringNullTerminated(IntPtr memoryAddress)
        {
            var buffer = ReadRawNullTerminated(memoryAddress);
            return seStringManager.Parse(buffer);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read an SeString from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum length of the string.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static SeString ReadSeString(IntPtr memoryAddress, int maxLength)
        {
            ReadRaw(memoryAddress, maxLength, out var buffer);

            var eos = Array.IndexOf(buffer, (byte)0);
            if (eos < 0)
            {
                return seStringManager.Parse(buffer);
            }
            else
            {
                var newBuffer = new byte[eos];
                Buffer.BlockCopy(buffer, 0, newBuffer, 0, eos);
                return seStringManager.Parse(newBuffer);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Read an SeString from a specified Utf8String structure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="utf8String">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in string.</returns>
        public static unsafe SeString ReadSeString(Utf8String* utf8String)
        {
            if (utf8String == null)
                return string.Empty;

            var ptr = utf8String->StringPtr;
            if (ptr == null)
                return string.Empty;

            var len = Math.Max(utf8String->BufUsed, utf8String->StringLength);

            return ReadSeString((IntPtr)ptr, (int)len);
        }

        #endregion

        #region ReadString(out)

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a UTF-8 encoded string from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in string.</param>
        public static void ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, out string value)
            => value = ReadString(memoryAddress);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a UTF-8 encoded string from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in string.</param>
        /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum length of the string.</param>
        public static void ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, out string value, int maxLength)
            => value = ReadString(memoryAddress, maxLength);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a string with the given encoding from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use to decode the string.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in string.</param>
        public static void ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, Encoding encoding, out string value)
            => value = ReadString(memoryAddress, encoding);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a string with the given encoding from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to decode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use to decode the string.</param>
        /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum length of the string.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in string.</param>
        public static void ReadString(IntPtr memoryAddress, Encoding encoding, int maxLength, out string value)
            => value = ReadString(memoryAddress, encoding, maxLength);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read a null-terminated SeString from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in SeString.</param>
        public static void ReadSeStringNullTerminated(IntPtr memoryAddress, out SeString value)
            => value = ReadSeStringNullTerminated(memoryAddress);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read an SeString from a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="maxLength">The maximum length of the string.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in SeString.</param>
        public static void ReadSeString(IntPtr memoryAddress, int maxLength, out SeString value)
            => value = ReadSeString(memoryAddress, maxLength);

        /// <summary>
        /// Read an SeString from a specified Utf8String structure.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="utf8String">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in string.</param>
        public static unsafe void ReadSeString(Utf8String* utf8String, out SeString value)
            => value = ReadSeString(utf8String);

        #endregion

        #region Write

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a generic type to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="item">The item to write to the address.</param>
        public static void Write<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, T item) where T : unmanaged
            => Write(memoryAddress, item);

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a generic type to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="item">The item to write to the address.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set this to true to enable struct marshalling.</param>
        public static void Write<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, T item, bool marshal)
        {
            if (marshal)
                Marshal.StructureToPtr(item, memoryAddress, false);
            else
                Unsafe.Write((void*)memoryAddress, item);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes raw data to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="data">The bytes to write to memoryAddress.</param>
        public static void WriteRaw(IntPtr memoryAddress, byte[] data)
        {
            Marshal.Copy(data, 0, memoryAddress, data.Length);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a generic type array to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="items">The array of items to write to the address.</param>
        public static void Write<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, T[] items) where T : unmanaged
            => Write(memoryAddress, items, false);

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes a generic type array to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="items">The array of items to write to the address.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set this to true to enable struct marshalling.</param>
        public static void Write<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, T[] items, bool marshal)
        {
            var structSize = SizeOf<T>(marshal);

            for (var i = 0; i < items.Length; i++)
            {
                var address = memoryAddress + (structSize * i);
                Write(address, items[i], marshal);
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region WriteString

        /// <summary>
        /// Write a UTF-8 encoded string to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to encode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The string to write.</param>
        public static void WriteString(IntPtr memoryAddress, string value)
            => WriteString(memoryAddress, value, Encoding.UTF8);

        /// <summary>
        /// Write a string with the given encoding to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Attention! If this is an SeString, use the <see cref="SeStringManager"/> to encode or the applicable helper method.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The string to write.</param>
        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use.</param>
        public static void WriteString(IntPtr memoryAddress, string value, Encoding encoding)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
                return;

            var bytes = encoding.GetBytes(value + '\0');

            WriteRaw(memoryAddress, bytes);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write an SeString to a specified memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The SeString to write.</param>
        public static void WriteSeString(IntPtr memoryAddress, SeString value)
        {
            if (value is null)
                return;

            WriteRaw(memoryAddress, value.Encode());
        }

        #endregion

        #region ApiWrappers

        /// <summary>
        /// Allocates fixed size of memory inside the target memory source via Windows API calls.
        /// Returns the address of newly allocated memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="length">Amount of bytes to be allocated.</param>
        /// <returns>Address to the newly allocated memory.</returns>
        public static IntPtr Allocate(int length)
        {
            var address = VirtualAlloc(
                IntPtr.Zero,
                (UIntPtr)length,
                AllocationType.Commit | AllocationType.Reserve,
                MemoryProtection.ExecuteReadWrite);

            if (address == IntPtr.Zero)
                throw new MemoryAllocationException($"Unable to allocate {length} bytes.");

            return address;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Allocates fixed size of memory inside the target memory source via Windows API calls.
        /// Returns the address of newly allocated memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="length">Amount of bytes to be allocated.</param>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">Address to the newly allocated memory.</param>
        public static void Allocate(int length, out IntPtr memoryAddress)
            => memoryAddress = Allocate(length);

        /// <summary>
        /// Frees memory previously allocated with Allocate via Windows API calls.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The address of the memory to free.</param>
        /// <returns>True if the operation is successful.</returns>
        public static bool Free(IntPtr memoryAddress)
        {
            return VirtualFree(memoryAddress, UIntPtr.Zero, AllocationType.Release);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Changes the page permissions for a specified combination of address and length via Windows API calls.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address for which to change page permissions for.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The region size for which to change permissions for.</param>
        /// <param name="newPermissions">The new permissions to set.</param>
        /// <returns>The old page permissions.</returns>
        public static MemoryProtection ChangePermission(IntPtr memoryAddress, int length, MemoryProtection newPermissions)
        {
            var result = VirtualProtect(memoryAddress, (UIntPtr)length, newPermissions, out var oldPermissions);

            if (!result)
                throw new MemoryPermissionException($"Unable to change permissions at 0x{memoryAddress.ToInt64():X} of length {length} and permission {newPermissions} (result={result})");

            var last = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
            if (last > 0)
                throw new MemoryPermissionException($"Unable to change permissions at 0x{memoryAddress.ToInt64():X} of length {length} and permission {newPermissions} (error={last})");

            return oldPermissions;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Changes the page permissions for a specified combination of address and length via Windows API calls.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address for which to change page permissions for.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The region size for which to change permissions for.</param>
        /// <param name="newPermissions">The new permissions to set.</param>
        /// <param name="oldPermissions">The old page permissions.</param>
        public static void ChangePermission(IntPtr memoryAddress, int length, MemoryProtection newPermissions, out MemoryProtection oldPermissions)
            => oldPermissions = ChangePermission(memoryAddress, length, newPermissions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Changes the page permissions for a specified combination of address and element from which to deduce size via Windows API calls.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address for which to change page permissions for.</param>
        /// <param name="baseElement">The struct element from which the region size to change permissions for will be calculated.</param>
        /// <param name="newPermissions">The new permissions to set.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">Set to true to calculate the size of the struct after marshalling instead of before.</param>
        /// <returns>The old page permissions.</returns>
        public static MemoryProtection ChangePermission<T>(IntPtr memoryAddress, ref T baseElement, MemoryProtection newPermissions, bool marshal)
            => ChangePermission(memoryAddress, SizeOf<T>(marshal), newPermissions);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads raw data from a specified memory address via Windows API calls.
        /// This is noticably slower than Unsafe or Marshal.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The amount of bytes to read starting from the memoryAddress.</param>
        /// <returns>The read in bytes.</returns>
        public static byte[] ReadProcessMemory(IntPtr memoryAddress, int length)
        {
            var value = new byte[length];
            ReadProcessMemory(memoryAddress, ref value);
            return value;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads raw data from a specified memory address via Windows API calls.
        /// This is noticably slower than Unsafe or Marshal.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The amount of bytes to read starting from the memoryAddress.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in bytes.</param>
        public static void ReadProcessMemory(IntPtr memoryAddress, int length, out byte[] value)
            => value = ReadProcessMemory(memoryAddress, length);

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads raw data from a specified memory address via Windows API calls.
        /// This is noticably slower than Unsafe or Marshal.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to read from.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The read in bytes.</param>
        public static void ReadProcessMemory(IntPtr memoryAddress, ref byte[] value)
        {
            var length = value.Length;
            var result = NativeFunctions.ReadProcessMemory(handle, memoryAddress, value, length, out _);

            if (!result)
                throw new MemoryReadException($"Unable to read memory at 0x{memoryAddress.ToInt64():X} of length {length} (result={result})");

            var last = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
            if (last > 0)
                throw new MemoryReadException($"Unable to read memory at 0x{memoryAddress.ToInt64():X} of length {length} (error={last})");
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes raw data to a specified memory address via Windows API calls.
        /// This is noticably slower than Unsafe or Marshal.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="memoryAddress">The memory address to write to.</param>
        /// <param name="data">The bytes to write to memoryAddress.</param>
        public static void WriteProcessMemory(IntPtr memoryAddress, byte[] data)
        {
            var length = data.Length;
            var result = NativeFunctions.WriteProcessMemory(handle, memoryAddress, data, length, out _);

            if (!result)
                throw new MemoryWriteException($"Unable to write memory at 0x{memoryAddress.ToInt64():X} of length {length} (result={result})");

            var last = Marshal.GetLastWin32Error();
            if (last > 0)
                throw new MemoryWriteException($"Unable to write memory at 0x{memoryAddress.ToInt64():X} of length {length} (error={last})");
        }

        #endregion

        #region Sizing

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the size of a specific primitive or struct type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <returns>The size of the primitive or struct.</returns>
        public static int SizeOf<T>()
            => SizeOf<T>(false);

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the size of a specific primitive or struct type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="marshal">If set to true; will return the size of an element after marshalling.</param>
        /// <returns>The size of the primitive or struct.</returns>
        public static int SizeOf<T>(bool marshal)
            => marshal ? Marshal.SizeOf<T>() : Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the size of a specific primitive or struct type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="elementCount">The number of array elements present.</param>
        /// <returns>The size of the primitive or struct array.</returns>
        public static int SizeOf<T>(int elementCount) where T : unmanaged
            => SizeOf<T>() * elementCount;

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the size of a specific primitive or struct type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">An individual struct type of a class with an explicit StructLayout.LayoutKind attribute.</typeparam>
        /// <param name="elementCount">The number of array elements present.</param>
        /// <param name="marshal">If set to true; will return the size of an element after marshalling.</param>
        /// <returns>The size of the primitive or struct array.</returns>
        public static int SizeOf<T>(int elementCount, bool marshal)
            => SizeOf<T>(marshal) * elementCount;

        #endregion

        /// <summary>
        /// Initialize with static access to Dalamud.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="dalamud">The Dalamud instance.</param>
        internal static void Initialize(Dalamud dalamud)
        {
            seStringManager = dalamud.SeStringManager;
            handle = Process.GetCurrentProcess().Handle;
        }
    }
}